Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History
Antony Polonsky
Published:
2013
Online ISBN:
9781800340763
Print ISBN:
9781906764395
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Antony Polonsky
Pages
171–210
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Published:
September 2013
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Polonsky, Antony, 'The First World War and its Aftermath', Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History (
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the First World War represented a major turning point in the history not only of the Jews, but also of Europe and the wider world. The First World War saw the three powers that had partitioned Poland go to war with each other. In spite of deep reservations about the tsarist regime, the Jews supported the Russian war effort in large numbers, and over half a million served in the tsarist army. This did not, however, allay Russian hostility. Changes in Russian anti-Jewish policies came in only after the overthrow of the tsarist system. In Ukraine, the home of the largest Jewish community in the tsarist empire, the development of the revolution and the situation of the Jews had some specific features. Jewish support for Ukrainian aspirations was undermined by the breakdown of law and order and the beginnings of the wave of pogroms, which was to assume massive proportions in late 1918 and throughout 1919. In spite of the appalling bloodshed that had occurred, Jews both in eastern Europe and elsewhere felt that the outcome of the war did have some positive elements. Zionism now enjoyed international recognition, as did the national rights of Jews in Poland and Lithuania and the autonomy that they had been granted in the latter.
Keywords: First World War, Jews, tsarist empire, Russian war effort, anti-Jewish policies, Ukrainian nationalists, Jewish community, pogroms, Zionism
Subject
Judaism and Jewish Studies
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